Airlines expect some booked passengers not to appear. Selling exactly the number of seats on an aircraft can therefore leave capacity unused. Selling more tickets raises the chance of a full flight, but it also risks having more people arrive than can board.
The film shows ordinary no-show days, then a day when excess passengers appear and compensation or rebooking is required. The final comparison weighs those different outcomes across many possible days rather than judging the policy from one convenient example. Its central lesson is a decision under uncertainty: an airline must balance the value of otherwise empty seats against the cost and harm of denied boarding. The best number of extra bookings depends on the distribution of show-ups and the consequences for displaced travelers. The video explains the logic of the trade-off without implying that an expected-profit calculation alone settles every fairness or consumer-protection question.
A port has a limited length of quay, and a ship must occupy one continuous stretch of it for the duration of service. Assigning an arriving vessel to the first apparently open place can block another vessel that needs a different length or arrival window.
Watch film
An electric train can return energy to the traction system while braking. Another train can use some of it if that train is accelerating at the same time and the electrical connection can carry the power. Without such a match, the opportunity may be lost even though the braking train still produces energy.
Watch film
Quay cranes are shared resources. Splitting them evenly between two ships may seem fair, yet keeping both ships in service longer can delay a third vessel that needs a berth. The time at which a ship leaves can matter more than how busy every crane appears at each instant.
Watch film